La calidad de los medicamentos fabricados industrialmente en España entre 1850 y 1950. Revisión de los requerimientos de calidad establecidos para los medicamentos en la legislación oficial durante este período / No disponible

Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución de los requerimientos de calidad establecidos en los expedientes de solicitud de autorización de los medicamentos fabricados industrialmente desde 1850 a 1950 y su relación con la calidad de los mismos, teniendo en cuenta la influencia del contexto político-social. Material y métodos: Análisis de la legislación publicada en España referente al Registro Farmacéutico desde 1850 hasta 1950, comparando las referencias a la calidad de cada documento con las de la legislación inmediatamente anterior destacando lo que representa un avance. Consulta de revistas y documentos no publicados. Discusión de la evolución de la calidad de los medicamentos relacionándola con el contexto político-social del país. Resultados y conclusiones: Hasta 1855 no se podía hablar de medicamentos sino de remedios secretos. La Ley de 28 de Noviembre de 1855 estableció la obligación de declarar los remedios a la Autoridad Sanitaria. Posteriormente el Real Decreto de 1919 estableció el Registro Farmacéutico y la asignación del nº de registro. El Real Decreto de 1924 lo actualizaba sin avanzar en la calidad. Siguió un estancamiento tanto en normativa como en calidad, debido a la guerra civil y al bloqueo internacional. La Ley de Bases de 1944 anunciaba una reforma que aún tardó en producirse. En resumen período largo y cambiante con bastantes avances en organización y pocos en exigencias de calidad. Los expedientes de registro son un elemento de referencia fundamental para conocer la calidad de un medicamento en un momento determinado(AU)

Objectives: The aim is to study the evolution of quality requirements in the application file for approval of drug products and their relationship with the quality of industrially manufactured drugs between 1850 and 1950, taking into account the influence of political and social context. Materials and methods: Analysis of the legislation published in Spain referring to pharmaceutical registration from 1850 to 1950, comparing the quality benchmarks to highlight the improvement. Search of information in journals and unpublished documents. Discussion on quality progress related to the socio-political context of the country. Results and conclusions: Until 1855 drugs did not exist as such, there were only secret remedies. The Law of November 28, 1855 established the obligation to declare the remedies to the Health Authority. Since then there was an evolution until the Royal Decree of 1919 established the official register of medicines and assigned a registration number to each medicine. The Royal Decree of 1924 updated the 1919 Decree but no advance was done referring to quality. Then a period of stagnation followed in both the rules of registration and the quality due to the civil war and the international blockade. A Law Reform was announced in 1944 but it took a long time to be done. Summarizing: It was a long period, with advances in organization and little progress in quality requirements in the pharmaceutical registration. When quality requirements increased, drug quality also did. Application files for registration are an essential reference to know the quality at some time(AU)

A brief history of nursing informatics in the United States of America.

From the beginning of modern nursing, data from standardized patient records were seen as a potentially powerful resource for assessing and improving the quality of care. As nursing informatics began to evolve in the second half of the 20th century, the lack of standards for language and data limited the functionality and usefulness of early applications. In response, nurses developed standardized languages, but until the turn of the century, neither they nor anyone else understood the attributes required to achieve computability and semantic interoperability. Collaboration across disciplines and national boundaries has led to the development of standards that meet these requirements, opening the way for powerful information tools. Many challenges remain, however. Realizing the potential of nurses to transform and improve health care and outcomes through informatics will require fundamental changes in individuals, organizations, and systems. Nurses are developing and applying informatics methods and tools to discover knowledge and improve health from the molecular to the global level and are seeking the collective wisdom of interdisciplinary and interorganizational collaboration to effect the necessary changes. NOTE: Although this article focuses on nursing informatics in the United States, nurses around the world have made substantial contributions to the field. This article alludes to a few of those advances, but a comprehensive description is beyond the scope of the present work.

Critique of Falloon and the Optimal Treatment Project.

The Optimal Treatment Project advocated by Falloon has been demonstrated through the scientific research literature to be efficient and effective treatment strategies for people experiencing severe mental illness. For this reason, there is little critique of this approach. While the potential value of the project is acknowledged, it is important to identify the appropriateness of the model for specific services and to understand comprehensively the resources necessary for successful implementation. The aim of this paper is to review the literature in relation to the Optimal Treatment Project with a view to exploring the complexities associated with the model. It is concluded that the involvement of multiple stakeholders, including consumers of mental health services, should become an essential element of any implementation strategy.

Converging pathways: a journey toward quality case management.

Development of case management as a profession surged in the latter part of the last century, due in large part to the birth in 1990 of two quality-focused organizations. In that year, URAC was established to improve the quality and the accountability of organizations conducting utilization review, but, in later years, it expanded to accreditation of organizations conducting many medical management components, such as case management and disease management. Today the organization has 17 accreditation programs.

Quality management in radiology: historical aspects and basic definitions.

In today's extremely competitive economic environment, the quality management processes used by industrial companies have become commonplace at hospitals and are proving successful in improving quality and controlling costs. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) methods provide a relatively new way, compared with quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) methods, to improve the quality of health care. Continuous quality improvement should be considered a philosophy rather than simply a methodology; it assumes no endpoints in improvement efforts and does not attempt to replace the older concepts of QA and QC but rather to reap their benefits and take them to a higher conceptual level. Continuous quality improvement has 4 foci: (1) to determine and meet the needs of patients and customers, (2) to approach quality improvement holistically on the basis of the identification of the underlying cause of poor performance, (3) to apply fact-based management and scientific methodology, and (4) to empower its practitioners to improve quality on a daily basis. Health care institutions and radiology departments use a variety of CQI systems or models, including the model of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, the Six Sigma model, and the Model for Business Excellence of the European Foundation for Quality Management. The International Organization for Standardization 9000, which creates a suitable organizational environment for the implementation of a CQI system, can be considered an effective QA and QC method.

Plan moderno de asistencia a los alienados (1926)

No disponible

Quality improvement in health care. Conceptual and historical foundations.

During the past decade, quality improvement (QI) has become the primary approach for health care organizations to measure performance and implement change. From a historical perspective, QI has multiple origins: in systems engineering, as a way of defining production processes; in quantitative analysis, as a methodological approach for collecting and analyzing data; and in organizational behavior, as a way of understanding how QI fits with an organization's structure and management philosophy. Although QI and evaluation share similar goals, as modes of inquiry, they developed in very distinct and separate settings, to fulfill different needs. However, these differences are now beginning to merge as QI gains acceptance as a desirable and legitimate approach for health care organizations to enhance service delivery and outcomes. This article describes the conceptual foundations on which QI is based and identifies historical events that have influenced the development of QI and its adaptation by health care organizations.

The organizational pendulum--healthcare management in Sweden 1865-1998.

In recent years, there have been a number of large-scale changes in the organization of healthcare in Sweden, as in many other countries. From a longer time perspective, however, there has been a more or less permanent oscillation between centralization and decentralization, and also between competition and co-operation, in Swedish healthcare organizations. In fact, there seems to be something like a pendulum moving all the time between opposite forms of organization. The frequency of these changes has been increasing during the last fifteen years, as different organizational models have replaced each other at shorter and shorter intervals. This development is partly due to the increasing rate of change in modern society, but partly also due to an element of fashion in the area of management. There is, however, a growing change fatigue in many healthcare organizations, and also increasing demands for empirical evidence on the efficiency and effectiveness of different organizational models before they are introduced into the healthcare system.

Gestión de Calidad Total: una pincelada de historia / Total quality management: a historical approach

No disponible